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提要

虽然海默自觉地以“革命宣传员”自命,而且也确曾有过“春风得意马蹄疾”的风光,但是他的电影编剧生涯更多的是“雪拥蓝关马不前”的坎坷。这坎坷甚至使他付出了生命的代价。本文作者索隐钩沉,发掘了一些从未公开发表的史料,并在此基础上对海默电影剧本的概貌做了深入的研究。


作者

张华 女,汉族,1972 7 月生于新疆哈密。北京电影学院2006文学系博士生。


1951 11 29 日,海默从中南文联创作组(武汉)调至中央电影局北京电影剧本创作所任编剧,凭的是他“有相当的政治修养及写作能力” 1。赋予他这种资质的则是此前10年解放区文艺工作的经历。他在日记中写道:“这是生活的一个新阶段,终结了10 年来从事戏剧工作的历史,而要把这些经验知识运用到这个新武器上去工作。” 2 对海默而言,这只是如同战士换了战场。他带着已融于骨血的延安风格,在北京的早春里开始了奋战。

主旋律

从未“触电”的海默从改编开始了他的电影创作生涯。1952 年除夕之夜,海默在日记中写道:“五三年将是充满了难忘的日子的年度,……我想到在这一年里,我的第一部中篇小说将要发表,我的第一部电影将要上演,而我正在创作的建设题材也将要脱稿。”此时,海默既对国家即将到来的建设高潮满怀憧憬,又为个人创作的收获颇感欣慰。“我的第一部电影”是指海默作为第一编剧的《草原上的人们》( 简称《草原》)。这部用“新武器”创作的作品,对海默而言,不只是一次成功的创作,更意味着他与新中国电影从此结下不解之缘。《草原》源于短篇小说《科尔沁草原的人们》——年轻的内蒙作家玛拉沁夫的处女作 3

相对一个半小时的电影来说,小说“只提供了一个‘骨头架子’,要把它改编成一个电影剧本,仍然要进行一次新的创作。” 4 而这次新的创作主要是由海默来完成的。东影厂决定投拍《草原》后,海默很快就到了草原,和玛拉沁夫共同体验生活。1953 2 21 日,本片导演徐韬出现在海默日记中:“徐韬来。谈到草原片情况,玛曾又去改过一次剧本,晚上他把剧本交给我……”第二天,“晚,徐韬详谈了剧本修改情况。我认为加了一些琐细生活,而且是表面的生活,只有挂一漏万之感”。这种情形恐怕就是玛拉沁夫所云:“在初期,为了要把故事拉长,我们不顾人物性格的发展,生硬地堆砌许多互不关联的事件”。5 2 月剩余的几天里,海默几乎天天和导演谈剧本、改剧本。结果意见分歧很大,无所成,“乃送他上车先走,留下剧本由我继续修改”。结合其他时段的日记综合分析,此前海默已完成《草原》文学剧本,并经文化部审查通过。上述与徐韬的讨论,应是影片拍摄过程中的再修改。影片就在这种反复修改中拍讫。1953 12 29 日,《草原》样片送审。海默对影片并不很满意,只是觉得“有音乐后稍好些”,但周围看片人呼声很高,海默也已听说“所(电影剧本创作所)内已决定由我将剧本整理发表”。修改《草原》文学剧本成为海默1954 年的重要工作。最终定稿就是今天我们读到的《草原》文学剧本。与影片对照,剧本在人物设计上稍有不同(主要是萨仁高娃的父亲白依热),其他基本无出入。许多观众都对影片第一个场景印象颇深,“ 影片一开始,就把我们带到内蒙古科尔沁草原优美动人的景色中去,大片的羊群,

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