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  提要

本文对贺岁片发展历程有一个整体观照,作品、导演和票房等角度都是本文考量中国内地贺岁十年的切入点,在探讨贺岁片样式和类型特征变化的同时,以票房档期为参考,以好莱坞档期为比照,透析十年来中国内地贺岁片的得与失,以观未来。


作者

胡嵘 女,中国电影报社记者。


贺岁片作为一个概念,在开始的时候是一个顾名思义词汇,指的是专门为祝贺新年而拍摄的影片,在岁末年初放映,多为喜剧电影。中国内地的贺岁片经过十年发展,培育了贺岁档期,其概念不断延伸,类型亦日趋丰富,喜剧电影之外,商业大片等主流和非主流电影都为自己贴上贺岁片的标签。经过十年来的发展,贺岁片样式和类型特征都发生了许多的变化,但回顾十年来的发展,我们发现中国电影似乎有点太过于依赖贺岁档了,这对于一个电影产业的良性发展来说,应该不是件好事。

一、中国电影贺岁十年的发展历程

中国内地电影贺岁十年,经历了一个由小到大、由单一到多元的过程。虽然中国内地贺岁片起步较晚,但上升幅度很大,显示了强劲的发展潜力。十年来,贺岁片与中国电影的发展密切相连,年度票房冠亚军几乎都是贺岁档期放映的影片(详见表1)。十年贺岁,历史贡献不可磨灭。

1.贺岁电影“冯”生水起:救市、突围

贺岁片一开始就成功扮演了救市的角色。从20 世纪80 年代末开始,中影公司在电影发行上已经连年亏损,1987一年就亏损2800 万元,全国1/3 左右的发行企业亏损,1988 年有45% 的影片发行不足60 个拷贝。1987 年,北京电影制片厂从这一年开始第一次出现亏损。1989 年,上海电影制片厂开始借贷,负债达2005 万元。进入90 年代,1993 年国产影片的生产减产一半,观众不足从前的1/32 在困境的另一方面,却有令人羡慕的票房佳绩:1995 年,当香港的贺岁电影《红番区》在全球华人居住区同步上映,创造了9500 多万元的票房收入时,中国内地电影却跌入低谷,票房低迷。这种刺激让国内影人开始大胆尝试:1997 年,剧本阶段历经过8 次讨论和11 次修改的内地贺岁片《甲方乙方》开始积极探索,以喜剧样式、大团圆的结局和冯小刚的幽默为卖点,以“捆绑式计酬”的演职人员薪酬方式,试行市场。在充分准备的基础上,总投资400 多万元的《甲方乙方》,最后票房收入达到了3000 万元。更在北京上演票房奇迹,高达1150 万元,按照38% 40% 的分账比例,影片投资成本仅此一地就全部回收。

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