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田卉群北京师范大学艺术与传媒学院副教授,电影学博士。


“鸡,还是鸡蛋?是一个问题”

在电影产业化倾向已经无可置疑、不可逆转的今天,现实主义创作风格变成了一块沉重的鸡肋,如同安哲罗普洛斯所描绘的那些古代文明的“死石”,要想举起它,让它穿越辉煌的历史到达今天,与观众相遇,大约得有“力拔山兮气盖世”的勇武,和“明修栈道,暗渡陈仓”的智慧才行。一不留神,现实主义风格就变成了泥潭,一个创作者小心翼翼要避开的“泥潭”:陷入一味苦难的真实细节中,却无力突围、无法赋予主人公以真实人性的还原、明确的价值观念和最高的精神本质。

观众,坐在漆黑的电影院里,关注梦想和奇观,“梦,是唯一的现实”——这是电影人无法逃避的现实;然而,电影史上,新现实主义电影创造过前所未有的辉煌,也是无法否认的历史。“梦想、奇观”,还是“现实”?这是一个问题,对于年轻一代的电影人,则是个关乎“生存,还是死亡”的问题。

更何况,这是“娱乐至死”的时代,想要现实主义吗?“推开窗户向外看就是了”,持这种观点的电影大师是希区柯克,而强烈赞同他这一观点的知名导演,就有把故事讲得登峰造极的李安。

自第五代导演初出茅庐以来,电影对文学形成了很强的依赖,电影萧条,归因于文学不景气的说法,一段时间也是甚嚣尘上。目前,文学界打起了反对“文学盒饭时代”的旗帜,大约是受了德国汉学家顾宾“中国当代文学是一堆垃圾”的刺激。这言辞激烈的评论认为,当下文学界流行的“底层写作”和“经验写作”,最初的动机固然是为了贴近生活、表现生活,然而,却逐渐转化成为一剂速成的“成功学配方”。“底层”逐渐跟矿难、打工仔打工妹、吸毒、摇滚、性交易画上了等号,甚至造成了这样的简单联想:“底层写作”就是现实主义。电影也没能摆脱这一剂“成功学配方”的诱惑,不可否认,拍摄底层生活、边缘人物的努力,离不开一定的人文关注。然而,当频繁出现在银幕上的“底层”和“边缘”逐渐被模式化和概念化之后,具有讽刺意义的是,“底层”、“边缘”就转变成为“奇观”,转变成为与真实的现实关注和人文关怀所对立的内容了。

这一类以“底层”、“边缘”人物为主人公的影片有的甚至放弃了结构,呈现出简单堆砌素材的倾向:将主人公所面临的苦难以火车车厢的方式一截截地拼贴起来,而作为动力的火车头,就是无望和悲苦。力图贴近现实生活而进行的“底层拍摄”,反而使它的主人公丧失了从“底层”突围的希望和动力,这不能不说是一种悲哀。

在现实主义文学传统深厚的俄罗斯,被讽刺为“古老善良的现实主义”在上个世纪90年代又掀起了一轮新的大讨论,“新现实主义”这一老概念又被提及,然而却产生了截然不同的阐述,一派认为,新现实主义与后现代主义不同的是,前者相信最高精神本质的存在;同时,却有一些年轻作者认为,只要以白描写法如实描绘肮脏的现实生活,就是新现实主义;“正统派”守护“崇高”的精神价值——东正教;“移变现实主义”呼吁在理性的自省中还原真实的人性,使文本展开成为一个整体的“多层次隐喻”。

从俄罗斯文学界的大讨论中我们可以注意到,以接近自然主义的白描手法如实描绘现实生活,甚至摒弃虚构,这一类似“纪录剧情片”的手法,

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