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小津的电影我知道年轻人会觉得“很难看的”。因为我年轻时第一次看小津的片子是在拍《风柜来的人》的时候,我的副导给我两盒Beta 录像带,我看着看着就睡着了,再换第二盒,怎么都一样,就放弃了,太年轻——看不进去。一直待我到了法国,《童年往事》拍完后那年,碰到马克· 穆勒,他跟我说有两部片子一定要看,有小津的电影,我就去看。在戏院里面,看了《我出生了,但……》——小津早期的一部影片,非常好看,而且意义深刻。自那时起,我对他的片子才发生兴趣,后来陆续又看了一些。他的片子我比较喜欢的是《我出生了,但……》、《父亲在世时》、《晚春》、《东京物语》,分别代表他早、中、晚期的创作。以前有很多人说我的电影很像小津,在这里,借小津的形式来说说我自己的经验。

真实的表里

写实是再造真实,跟实质上的真实是一个等同的关系,它是可以独立存在的。这句话是卡尔维诺在谈到小说的形式时提及的。在谈小说的深度时他还说过,深度就在表面,深度是隐藏的。表面是文字,但我们可以从文字的结构里面看到它透露出来的蛛丝马迹,透露出的只可意会不可言传、无法诉清,只有身处事件中才能明白的事情。电影也一样,影像与声音呈现的是一种“表”。像小津的电影,譬如《晚春》,讲父女之间的关系,因为妈妈去世,只有父亲和女儿。父亲经人家介绍要娶另一个女人,女儿产生强烈的嫉妒,不但是嫉妒,还是一种反抗。有一场拍能剧,在观赏能剧的剧院里,女儿看她爸爸在看那个女人的时候,女儿的眼神简直要杀人了。嫁人之前女儿跟爸爸住在京都,父女住在一个房间,所以西方的解说都是父女间有一种暧昧,恋父情结。我认为不是,因为日本家庭生活里女不避男,家族里面洗澡都是一起的,和我们不一样,你不理解这个风俗你就不能理解这样的情感。西方可以是非常戏剧性的,可以一直深层到心理学的恋父情结。但小津安二郎呈现的是一个很简单的表象,所有的信息都是渐进和埋藏的。表面上很简单,让观众感觉没有什么重大的戏剧性,但是累积起来,底层便有个暗流,是惊涛骇浪的。表象所呈现的也许是相反的,就像交响乐中的赋格,音乐使用上的对位,几种乐器有不同的旋律,但是相关的,有强有弱。流行歌曲只有一个旋律,合旋是加强、渲染这个旋律,是主从的关系。赋格不是主从的关系,是平行的。在电影里就表现为表里,呈现出一种状态,在里面另有一种状态。所谓的表里,是我晚期才开始领悟到的。

我现在会喜欢某种人物关系,某种情境或某个事件,基本上它就包含了表里。我在表达上自然就做大了,而不是像编剧逻辑一样,表是呈现什么?里是呈现什么?但是布列松可能会比较清楚,难得有创作者这么清楚自己的创作意图,非常自觉,他算比较明确的。小津的电影是反思的,看完会越想越多,因为它的底层有一个结构,是他影片的重点。譬如《东京物语》,基本上是战后整个日本的变化。人们的工作形态变了,子女进入都市工作,离父母远了,整个过程也不是小孩们不孝顺。小津呈现的其实很简单,但是看完后就会感觉很难过。在现代社会的情景之下,观众会感觉到父母和小孩之间关系的扭曲和变化,

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