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付宇 北京电影学院02 级导演系研究生。


2008 1 31 日《长江7 号》正式上映,截至2 8 日午夜,票房已突破亿元大关。作为一部周星驰电影,一部期待已久的贺岁大片,这样的成绩似乎并不出人意料。不过,如果我们仅仅将成功归结在周星驰的品牌效应及商业运作等外部因素或者“草根情怀”、“真情力作”等主题因素,而忽视导演技术范畴的商业特性规律的话,这一定是有失偏颇的。电影从诞生之日起,就兼具艺术性、商业性等多重属性,并在一百多年的发展历程中形成了各自领域的独特规律。从商业电影的创作规律来看,其核心目标在于取悦观众,使观众因影片而获得观赏快感。这些快感不仅包括喜悦,也包括惊异、恐惧甚至悲伤等强烈的情绪状态,观众通过经历这些情绪状态而获得情感宣泄,从而释放潜意识中的压力,最终获得强烈的愉悦感——根据弗洛伊德的理论,这与做梦的心理功效类似。而当抛开这些情绪状态性质的区别,提纯它们的“量”,我们可以得到一个单一的概念——“兴奋”。由此,观众观影目的变得纯粹:获得足够强度的“兴奋”。然而,电影是一个持续90 分钟的观看过程,这便要求影片为观众提供的不是一个单一的“兴奋点”,而是一个持续的“兴奋过程”。观众在观影过程中所体会到的兴奋强度以及由此相关的快感,随着影片的内容进程(刺激源的变化)而产生波动。显然,一部好的商业电影其内容应该使观众的兴奋强度始终保持在一个相当高的水平,这就要求时间轴上每一点内容(刺激源)都有相当的刺激性,即每一时间点的内容(每一个电影片段)都被导演处理得“精彩”、“好看”。如果我们把这些片段割裂开来,得到的就是一个个独立的“桥段”,即“一部好的商业电影应达到的要求是每一个桥段都被导演处理得精彩好看,能引发观众足够的兴奋”。一句话,“桥段就是硬道理”。当然,我们必须说明,这是一个“局部正确”的结论。

作为一个从具有相当票房号召力的喜剧明星转型而成今日的商业电影导演,周星驰对电影商业特性的技术性把控能力已具备相当水准,并集中体现在其对影片中重要桥段的创作力上。不过,因为“桥段就是硬道理”,周星驰的《长江7 号》获得了一定的商业成绩;也正因为这“局部的正确”,使得《长江7 号》距离经典还有相当距离。

《长江7号》的桥段

1.导演技法

精彩的桥段首先需要扎实的导演技术作为支撑。在影片各种不同类型的桥段中,周星驰作为导演,其基本技术是合格的,甚至是高超的。在垃圾场遇到飞碟起飞一场戏中,周星驰运用景深,利用前后景、景别变换等丰富手段交待主角对于飞碟的注意力关系,有悬念、有章法。在吃饭削苹果一场戏中,简单的镜头调度将平淡的动作信息组织成层次鲜明、变化丰富、甚至情感和人物状态都很鲜活的戏剧性段落中。在前后两个面对小巷中恶狗的段落中,梦境中实与虚(拍狗和拍影子)、快与慢(升格和降格)、动与静(声音效果的运用)、远与近(通过镜头运动形成的景别变化)的交替运用,形成了特殊的韵律感和节奏感。而在现实段落中,机位角度的巧妙选择,一方面和梦境段落形成对应和区别,另一方面也带来了独特的视点。在父亲坠楼一场戏中,从

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