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作者

吕益都 女,解放军艺术学院军事文艺研究所讲师,北京师范大学艺术与传媒学院05 级电影学博士生。


《集结号》是中国第一部成熟的,以商业化企图进行创意、制作、发行到后电影开发的战争大片。1

作为战争大片,影片的战斗场景是最具观赏吸引力的重要元素,在近一半的“叙述时间”中,以三场大战斗的连续性形成紧凑的“吸引力”波次,满足了受众对“战争”既定的观赏心理。初次拍摄战争影片的冯小刚导演对战争场面调度、节奏调控、氛围渲染与个性刻画——这些能见出战争片导演功力的地方,显示出了足够的敏锐性、分寸感和掌控能力。并且,在战争场面中,摄影机的焦点与情节情绪的关注点始终对准一个个鲜活的生命个体,袒呈他们的勇敢、胆怯与牺牲。战场样态的多变翻新与视听震撼,使影片在商业元素的“看点”上做足了文章,同时影片没有“红旗引领”、“胜利冲锋”、“势如破竹”、“呐喊如潮”这样浪漫抒情的蒙太奇华彩,而是展现战场的冷酷、生命的脆弱,展现没有“豪言壮语”的意志力量,展现粗糙的“原生态”化的战争形态,营造出一种“真实”的作战氛围。

如果说,影片战斗的叙述形态以及视听形式冲击力的营造,为其确立了商业战争大片的基调,接下来的叙事线索——谷子地不懈地寻找组织、寻求“说法”的一系列行动,使叙事开始由商业化包装向着人性的内涵递进,由浅层的场面展示走向纵深的人物命运的展示。《集结号》的叙事以战争为缘由,而推衍与指向的是一个幸存者/ 孤独者心灵的“独白”,是一颗愧疚的心灵寻求解脱与慰藉的“心灵史”。

崭新形象与经典情境

《集结号》塑造了以谷子地为代表的一群平凡普通的士兵形象。主要角色谷子地作为战场上的核心灵魂,正如其名字一样,生于这广袤土壤的、散发着乡土气息、秉承淳朴与忠良的“人民子弟”的代言,是一个平民英雄的形象。这个形象外形、语言、思想都是朴素的,他的身上所凝聚的鲜活与生动,所秉赋的军事素养,所内蕴的人性深度与情怀,使其体现出一种新型的英雄形象。谷子地不是偶像传奇型——这是“十七年”经典英雄形象的典型(如杨子荣、李向阳);不是个性瑕疵型——新时期军人形象的突破性特质(如靳开来);不是近几年英雄形象“反传统”表达的紫色草莽型——在“红色革命基因”中杂糅“负面黑色”的不良品性(如姜大牙、李云龙)。谷子地立足于责任、勇敢、忠诚这样传统英雄主义的基质,但他所经历的“战斗传奇”不再是戴着光环的美丽“神话”,他的执著个性与粗糙的脾性缘自无法抚平的战争创伤,曾经的辉煌战绩被历史尘封,只能成为沉重的精神包袱与无法释怀的压力。如果说《拯救大兵瑞恩》是让7 个人为1 个人而排布了几场恶战的话,《集结号》就是1 个人为46 个人而跋涉与历尽了心灵的折磨。这个人物身上携带着迎合商业时尚与受众心理认同的一面,但其所提炼出的对战争本质、战争主体本性的思考,又是丰富而富有情感穿透力的。这是一个穿越战争与和平,凝结了崭新人文情怀与战争文化想象的英雄形象。战争影片中表现极至状态下人物的情感与体验可以达到一种艺术表达的极至,在某种极端情境或某一瞬间,可以促成一种很绚烂的潜能的爆发。设计表现这种情境往往见出导演功力、见出影片力度,形成叙事的“戏核”,也使人物的形象品性得以彰显,是表现出强烈的情感张力的引力场。

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